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Integration of renewable energies, flexible loads and storages into the German power grid: Actual situation

Harald SCHWARZ, Xiaoshu CAI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第2期   页码 107-118 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0470-x

摘要： Starting from the late 1990’s, the German government decided to change the national electric power supply system dramatically. The main stimulating instrument was the German Law on Renewable Energies (Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz (EEG)), which guaranteed a fixed feed-in tariff to everyone who was willing to invest into renewable generation. Based on the year of commissioning, defined revenues per kWh were fixed for the next 20 years. Due to a very attractive over-funding, more than 1.5 million renewable generation units were connected to the German grid up to the end of 2015. According to the EEG, renewable generation units can feed to the grid wherever they are located and whenever they are able to produce. The old physical principle was and is still neglected, which clearly stated that generation always has to follow the demand—simply due to the limited availability of storages in the power system. Only in cases, when temporarily renewable overproduction exceeds the tolerable loading of lines or transformers respectively endangers the system stability in total, are German grid operators allowed to announce curtailments by emergency measures. Even in such cases, the “not produced energy” from renewable sources has to be funded. Although the installed capacity from renewables is much higher than the peak load in Germany, it contributes only about 32% to German average annual energy. Unfortunately, the regional distribution of renewable generation and load is very different, e.g. in the northeast of Germany, this Renewable Energy (RE)-ratio meanwhile exceeds 100% due to the high RE-penetration and low load. High transits of renewable overproduction from the north to the south will be necessary at nearly every day per year. Therefore, a tremendous change is needed within the German power grid. This paper will give a first overview followed by several others, describing possible solutions on how to overcome this critical situation.

关键词： grid integration     renewable energies     system stability     storages     flexible loads     new market design    

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The German Energiewende and its roll-out of renewable energies: An economic perspective

Sebastian KREUZ, Felix MÜSGENS

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第2期   页码 126-134 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0467-5

摘要： This paper gives a short overview of the German Energiewende, i.e. the transition of a large and mostly thermal electricity system towards electricity generation from renewable energy source. It discusses both, the motivation of the transitions as future goals and current status. Furthermore, it gives an in-depth view into the changes in economic costs for society as well as electricity price effects, especially for average private households and industrial consumers. It also discusses the benefits of the promotion of renewable energies in Germany.

关键词： electricity system     renewable energy     cost-benefit analysis    

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Evaluation of renewable energies production potential in the Middle East: confronting the world’s energy

Hamid BAHRAMPOUR, Amir Khosro BEHESHTI MARNANI, Mohammad Bagher ASKARI, Mohammad Reza BAHRAMPOUR

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第1期   页码 42-56 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0486-2

摘要： Oil and fossil fuels, the main source of energy in the Middle East have obviously the most destructive effects on the environment and public health. The developed countries of the Middle East are faced with the crisis and energy security. This paper is about evaluating the energy demand /consumption in the Middle East. First, the position of energy consumption in the world and the Middle East is discussed. Next, the evaluation of the current potential of clean energy production from renewable energies is explained. Finally, according to related maps, charts and information presented for the condition of renewable energy which has been approved by the countries of the Middle East, the greatest places in some countries of this region are introduced and discussed.

关键词： Middle East countries     renewable energy     fossil fuels     energy crisis    

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Integrated energy in Germany–A critical look at the development and state of integrated energies in Germany

Saman AMANPOUR, Daniel HUCK, Mark KUPRAT, Harald SCHWARZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第4期   页码 493-500 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0570-2

摘要： In the face of global warming and a scarcity of resources, future energy systems are urged to undergo a major and radical transformation. The recognition of the need to embrace renewable energy technologies and to move toward decarbonization has led to significant changes in the German energy generation, consumption and infrastructure. Ambitious German national plans to decrease carbon dioxide emissions on one side, and the unpredictable and volatile nature of renewable energy sources on the other side have elevated the importance of integrated energies in recent years. The deployment of integrated technologies as a solution to interlink various infrastructures creates opportunities for increasing the reliability of energy systems, minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing the share of renewable resources. This paper discusses the role of integrated energy systems in supporting of sustainable solutions for future energy transitions. Moreover, the reinforcement of this movement with the help of different technologies will be discussed and the development of integrated energy systems in Germany will be reviewed.

关键词： integrated energy     renewable energies     energy transition     power-to-gas     power-to-heat     power-to-mobility     energy storage    

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Impact of renewable energies on the operation and economic situation of coal fired power stations: Actual

Hans-Joachim KRAUTZ, Alexander LISK, Joachim POSSELT, Christian KATZER

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年 第11卷 第2期   页码 119-125 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0468-4

摘要： Due to the fluctuating character of the renewable energy sources the demand of conventional power plants for flexibility is increasing. In the recent years, in Germany there has been a fast rise of production capacity of renewable energies, especially from wind turbines, photovoltaic installations, and biomass plants. The installed nominal power of wind turbines is actually (December 2016) 42 GW and of photovoltaic installations 40?GW. The renewable electric energy production in Germany is about 190?TWh/a, which represents a share of 33% of the yearly demand. The increased need for flexibility affects both the power gradients as well as the minimum load of conventional power plants. Due to this flexibility behaviour, conventional power plants are faced with problems concerning the durability of power plant components, corrosion, more maintenance effort and consequently the overall life expectancy. Another consequence of the increasing share of renewable energies is the decreasing full load operating hours, especially of coal fired and gas power plants. Along with decreasing revenues from the energy exchange market, coal fired power plants are faced with new economically challenges.

关键词： flexible load operation     minimal load     power gradients     power plant maintenance     corrosion     life expectancy    

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新形势下蓄能蓄电与各种电源的可持续发展

曹楚生,张丛林

《中国工程科学》 2012年 第14卷 第2期   页码 4-7

摘要：

当今水电发展受限于水能资源，在原有基础上再考虑蓄能蓄电可利用电网低谷剩余电能储存转换，变成和再生能源一样，可周而复始更新使用，形成各种电源持续发展的循环机制。蓄能蓄电涵盖抽水蓄能和其他蓄能蓄电设施后，特别有利于节能减排和可再生新能源的发展。今后应关注风险分析、风险设计和风险管理。

关键词： 蓄能蓄电     可再生能源     节能减排     可持续发展    

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Applications of thermostatically controlled loads for demand response with the proliferation of variable renewable

Meng SONG, Wei SUN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第1期   页码 64-73 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0732-5

摘要： More flexibility is desirable with the proliferation of variable renewable resources for balancing supply and demand in power systems. Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) attract tremendous attentions because of their specific thermal inertia capability in demand response (DR) programs. To effectively manage numerous and distributed TCLs, intermediate coordinators, e.g., aggregators, as a bridge between end users and dispatch operators are required to model and control TCLs for serving the grid. Specifically, intermediate coordinators get the access to fundamental models and response modes of TCLs, make control strategies, and distribute control signals to TCLs according the requirements of dispatch operators. On the other hand, intermediate coordinators also provide dispatch models that characterize the external characteristics of TCLs to dispatch operators for scheduling different resources. In this paper, the bottom-up key technologies of TCLs in DR programs based on the current research have been reviewed and compared, including fundamental models, response modes, control strategies, dispatch models and dispatch strategies of TCLs, as well as challenges and opportunities in future work.

关键词： thermostatically controlled load     demand response     renewable energy     power system operation    

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Costs and prices for renewable energy development in industrialized countries and applications to China

Hugo SALAMANCA, Miao CHANG, Xin TIAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第3期   页码 403-411 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0350-2

摘要： Developing renewable energy is now becoming a hot topic as it is important in dealing with climate change issue and energy supply issue. With the growing demand of energy, it has become urgent to develop the effective policies and measures that would enable people to maintain the living standards. Among all the measures, price is an essential one. In order to evaluate the costs and prices of the electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) and their effects to the market, this paper firstly focus on the extra costs of the RES-E by breaking it into four parts, including investment, construction, connection and operation. Then, the policy choices made in some typical industrialized countries are examined to find answers to the problems RES-E can raise. Finally, the choices made in China are examined in comparison to industrialized countries so as to determine how the current situation could be improved.

关键词： renewable energy     public policy     costs     prices     renewable portfolio     feed-in tariff    

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Lessons from market reform for renewable integration in the European Union

Furong LI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第4期   页码 623-629 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0575-x

摘要：

The European Union (EU) has the most advanced, mature, and liberal energy markets that gave rise to the most dramatic drop in wholesale energy prices, whose fallen, however, has not been translated into a reduction in retail energy prices. Instead, energy prices in Europe rose above inflation year-in-year-out, and are considerably higher compared with major economic partners. This paper highlights the key limitations in the EU market designs and network access toward renewable integration, and the wide range of reforms that the EU is currently undertaken across the Member States to achieve two goals: to make the market fit for renewable, and to set a practical example of how a competitive economy can be built on a sustainable and affordable energy system. This paper concludes with key recommendations to developing nations, particularly in addressing heavy renewable curtailment.

关键词： wholesale energy market     retail energy market     market for renewables    

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An approach for evaluating the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on transmission expansion

Rongrit CHATTHAWORN,Surachai CHAITUSANEY

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第16卷 第10期   页码 871-882 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1500049

摘要： We propose a new robust optimization approach to evaluate the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on transmission expansion planning (TEP). The objective function of TEP is composed of the investment cost of the transmission line and the operating cost of conventional generators. A method to select suitable scenarios representing the intermittent renewable energy generation and loads is proposed to obtain robust expansion planning for all possible scenarios. A meta-heuristic algorithm called adaptive tabu search (ATS) is employed in the proposed TEP. ATS iterates between the main problem, which minimizes the investment and operating costs, and the subproblem, which minimizes the cost of power generation from conventional generators and curtailments of renewable energy generation and loads. The subproblem is solved by nonlinear programming (NLP) based on an interior point method. Moreover, the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP was evaluated by comparing expansion planning with and without consideration of a renewable energy source. The IEEE Reliability Test System 79 (RTS 79) was used for testing the proposed method and evaluating the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP. The results show that the proposed robust optimization approach provides a more robust solution than other methods and that the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on TEP should be considered.

关键词： Adaptive tabu search     Renewable energy generation     Robust optimization     Transmission expansion planning    

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Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第2期   页码 336-356 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0748-x

摘要： Fuel poverty is most prevalent in North East England with 14.4% of fuel poor households in Newcastle upon Tyne. The aim of this paper was to identify a grid connected renewable energy system coupled with natural gas reciprocating combined heat and power unit, that is cost-effective and technically feasible with a potential to generate a profit from selling energy excess to the grid to help alleviate fuel poverty. The system was also aimed at low carbon emissions. Fourteen models were designed and optimized with the aid of the HOMER Pro software. Models were compared with respect to their economic, technical, and environmental performance. A solution was proposed where restrictions were placed on the size of renewable energy components. This configuration consists of 150 kW CHP, 300 kW PV cells, and 30 kW wind turbines. The renewable fraction is 5.10% and the system yields a carbon saving of 7.9% in comparison with conventional systems. The initial capital investment is $1.24 million which enables the system to have grid sales of 582689 kWh/a. A conservative calculation determined that 40% of the sales can be used to reduce the energy cost of fuel poor households by $706 per annum. This solution has the potential to eliminate fuel poverty at the site analyzed.

关键词： greenhouse gas control     low carbon target     grid connected     renewable fraction     fuel poverty     combined heat and power     HOMER Pro    

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Hollow-fiber gas penetration electrodes efficiently produce renewable synthetic fuels

《能源前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第5期   页码 700-705 doi: 10.1007/s11708-022-0842-8

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Contributions in renewable energy systems: A perspective from the latest publications of FCSE

Xiaowen Zhu, Di Xu, Jing-Kang Wang

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第4期   页码 632-635 doi: 10.1007/s11705-019-1904-2

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A review of optimization modeling and solution methods in renewable energy systems

《工程管理前沿（英文）》   页码 640-671 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0271-3

摘要： The advancement of renewable energy (RE) represents a pivotal strategy in mitigating climate change and advancing energy transition efforts. A current of research pertains to strategies for fostering RE growth. Among the frequently proposed approaches, employing optimization models to facilitate decision-making stands out prominently. Drawing from an extensive dataset comprising 32806 literature entries encompassing the optimization of renewable energy systems (RES) from 1990 to 2023 within the Web of Science database, this study reviews the decision-making optimization problems, models, and solution methods thereof throughout the renewable energy development and utilization chain (REDUC) process. This review also endeavors to structure and assess the contextual landscape of RES optimization modeling research. As evidenced by the literature review, optimization modeling effectively resolves decision-making predicaments spanning RE investment, construction, operation and maintenance, and scheduling. Predominantly, a hybrid model that combines prediction, optimization, simulation, and assessment methodologies emerges as the favored approach for optimizing RES-related decisions. The primary framework prevalent in extant research solutions entails the dissection and linearization of established models, in combination with hybrid analytical strategies and artificial intelligence algorithms. Noteworthy advancements within modeling encompass domains such as uncertainty, multienergy carrier considerations, and the refinement of spatiotemporal resolution. In the realm of algorithmic solutions for RES optimization models, a pronounced focus is anticipated on the convergence of analytical techniques with artificial intelligence-driven optimization. Furthermore, this study serves to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of research trajectories and existing gaps, expediting the identification of pertinent optimization models conducive to enhancing the efficiency of REDUC development endeavors.

关键词： renewable energy system     bibliometrics     mathematical programming     optimization models     solution methods    

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State-of-art review of the optimization methods to design the configuration of hybrid renewable energy

Maurizio FACCIO, Mauro GAMBERI, Marco BORTOLINI, Mojtaba NEDAEI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年 第12卷 第4期   页码 591-622 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0567-x

摘要： The current research aims to present an inclusive review of latest research works performed with the aim of improving the efficiency of the hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs) by employing diverse ranges of the optimization techniques, which aid the designers to achieve the minimum expected total cost, while satisfying the power demand and the reliability. For this purpose, a detailed analysis of the different classification drivers considering the design factors such as the optimization goals, utilized optimization methods, grid type as well as the investigated technology has been conducted. Initial results have indicated that of all optimization goals, load demand parameters including loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and loss of load probability (LLP), cost, sizing (configuration), energy production, and environmental emissions are the most frequent design variables which have been cited the most. Another result of this paper indicates that almost 70% of the research projects have been dedicated toward the optimization of the off-grid applications of the HRESs. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that, integration of the PV, wind and battery is the most frequent configuration. In the next stage of the paper, a review concerning the sizing methods has also been carried out to outline the most common techniques which are used to configure the components of the HRESs. In this regard, an analysis covering the optimized indicators such as the cost drivers, energy index parameters, load indicators, battery’s state of charge, PV generator area, design parameters such as the LPSP, and the wind power generation to load ratio, has also been performed.

关键词： hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs)     design and optimization     environmental pollutions     PV array     wind turbines (WTs)     inverter     diesel generator (DG)    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Integration of renewable energies, flexible loads and storages into the German power grid: Actual situation

Harald SCHWARZ, Xiaoshu CAI

期刊论文

The German Energiewende and its roll-out of renewable energies: An economic perspective

Sebastian KREUZ, Felix MÜSGENS

期刊论文

Evaluation of renewable energies production potential in the Middle East: confronting the world’s energy

Hamid BAHRAMPOUR, Amir Khosro BEHESHTI MARNANI, Mohammad Bagher ASKARI, Mohammad Reza BAHRAMPOUR

期刊论文

Integrated energy in Germany–A critical look at the development and state of integrated energies in Germany

Saman AMANPOUR, Daniel HUCK, Mark KUPRAT, Harald SCHWARZ

期刊论文

Impact of renewable energies on the operation and economic situation of coal fired power stations: Actual

Hans-Joachim KRAUTZ, Alexander LISK, Joachim POSSELT, Christian KATZER

期刊论文

新形势下蓄能蓄电与各种电源的可持续发展

曹楚生,张丛林

期刊论文

Applications of thermostatically controlled loads for demand response with the proliferation of variable renewable

Meng SONG, Wei SUN

期刊论文

Costs and prices for renewable energy development in industrialized countries and applications to China

Hugo SALAMANCA, Miao CHANG, Xin TIAN

期刊论文

Lessons from market reform for renewable integration in the European Union

Furong LI

期刊论文

An approach for evaluating the impact of an intermittent renewable energy source on transmission expansion

Rongrit CHATTHAWORN,Surachai CHAITUSANEY

期刊论文

Fuel poverty and low carbon emissions: a comparative study of the feasibility of the hybrid renewable

期刊论文

Hollow-fiber gas penetration electrodes efficiently produce renewable synthetic fuels

期刊论文

Contributions in renewable energy systems: A perspective from the latest publications of FCSE

Xiaowen Zhu, Di Xu, Jing-Kang Wang

期刊论文

A review of optimization modeling and solution methods in renewable energy systems

期刊论文

State-of-art review of the optimization methods to design the configuration of hybrid renewable energy

Maurizio FACCIO, Mauro GAMBERI, Marco BORTOLINI, Mojtaba NEDAEI

期刊论文